Analysis of the direct economic burden of measles cases and its influencing factors in Shanghai from 2017 to 2019 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To analyze the direct economic burden caused by measles cases in Shanghai from 2017 to 2019 and its influencing factors. Methods: A total of 161 laboratory-confirmed measles cases reported from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019, in Shanghai were included in the study through the "Measles Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System" of the "China Disease Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System". Through telephone follow-up and consulting hospital data, the basic information of population, medical treatment situation, medical treatment costs and other information were collected, and the direct economic burden of cases was calculated, including registration fees, examination fees, hospitalization fees, medical fees and other disease treatment expenses, as well as transportation and other expenses of cases. The multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the main influencing factors of the direct economic burden. Results: The age of 161 measles cases M (Q1, Q3) was 28.21 (13.33, 37.00) years. Male cases (56.52%) were more than female cases (43.48%). The largest number of cases was≥18 years old (70.81%). The total direct economic burden of 161 measles cases was 540 851.14 yuan, and the per capita direct economic burden was 3 359.32 yuan. The direct economic burden M (Q1, Q3) was 873.00 (245.01, 4 014.79) yuan per person. The results of multiple linear regression model analysis showed that compared with other and unknown occupations, central areas and non-hospitalized cases, the direct economic burden of measles cases was higher in scattered children, childcare children, students, and cadre staff in the occupational distribution, suburban areas and hospitalized, with the coefficient of β (95%CI) values of 0.388 (0.150-0.627), 0.297 (0.025-0.569), 0.327 (0.148-0.506) and 1.031 (0.853-1.209), respectively (all P values<0.05). Conclusion: The direct economic burden of some measles cases in Shanghai is relatively high. Occupation, area of residence and hospitalization are the main factors influencing the direct economic burden of measles cases.

Perfil epidemiológico dos casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola notificados no SINAN, Brasil, 2007 a 2016 / Epidemiological profile of suspected cases of measles and rubella notified on SINAN, Brazil, 2007 to 2016

Descrever os casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan), Brasil, 2007 a 2016. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos do Sinan, referentes aos anos de 2007 a 2016. As variáveis utilizadas foram os números de notificações de casos de sarampo e rubéola por regiões e ano, idade, sexo, hospitalização, estado gestacional, histórico vacinal, realização de bloqueio vacinal, coletas sorológicas (S1 e S2), sinais e sintomas, investigação adequada, critério de confirmação ou descarte e classificação final do caso. Resultados: Entre 2007 e 2016 houve 127.802 casos suspeitos de sarampo e rubéola notificados. Aproximadamente 92% dos casos foram investigados, a maioria em menores de cinco anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram tosse (40%) e coriza (38%). Como instrumento de vigilância foi coletado sangue para confirmação laboratorial em 87% das notificações. A maioria dos casos de sarampo ocorreu entre os anos de 2011 e 2015, relacionados a casos importados, totalizando 1.443 casos; para rubéola, 10.125 casos foram confirmados. Foram descartados 1,3% (1.698/127.802) e 5,1% (6.555/127.802) das notificações de sarampo e rubéola, respectivamente. Foram ignorados 9% (11.523/127.802) para sarampo e 49% (62.978/127.802) para rubéola. Conclusão: A vigilância dos casos de doenças exantemáticas permitiu demonstrar a situação dos casos de doenças exantemáticas circulantes no país como importante ferramenta de saúde pública. O grande número de casos descartados classificados como ignorados merece atenção, no sentido de melhorar o encerramento dos casos suspeitos notificados

To describe the suspected cases of measles and rubella notified in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan), Brazil, from 2007 to 2016. Methods: Data were extracted from Sinan referring to the years 2007 to 2016. The variables used were the number of notifications of measles and rubella cases by region and year, age, gender, hospitalization, gestational status, vaccination history, vaccination blockade, serological collections (S1 and S2), signs and symptoms, adequate investigation, confirmation criteria or disposal and final case classification. Results: Between 2007 and 2016, there were 127,802 suspected cases of measles and rubella reported. Approximately 92% of cases were investigated, mostly in children under five years of age. The most frequent symptoms were cough (40%) and runny nose (38%). As a surveillance tool, blood was collected for laboratory confirmation in 87% of notifications. Most Measles cases occurred between 2011 and 2015, related to imported cases, totaling 1,443 cases; for Rubella 10,125 cases were confirmed. 1.3% (1,698/127,802) and 5.1% (6,555/127,802) of measles and rubella notifications, respectively, were discarded. 9% (11,523/127,802) for measles and 49% (62,978/127,802) for rubella were ignored. Conclusion: Surveillance of cases of exanthematous diseases allowed demonstrating the situation of cases of exanthematous diseases circulating in the country as an important public health tool. The large number of discarded cases classified as ignored deserves attention, in order to improve the closing of notified suspected cases

Cobertura de vacinação e surtos de sarampo em uma região do Ceará / Vaccination coverage and measles outbreaks in a region of Ceará / Cobertura de vacunación y casos de sarampión en una región de Ceará

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre surtos de sarampo e as coberturas vacinais municipais na 11ª Região de Saúde de Sobral, noroeste do Ceará, ocorridos entre 2013 e 2015. Para isso, elaborou-se estudo misto por fonte de dados secundários, extraídos na referida região de saúde. Para análise quantitativa, foram investigadas 766 notificações de casos suspeitos de sarampo. Além disso, realizou-se pesquisa de campo pós-epidemia com profissionais envolvidos na imunização, por meio da aplicação de 31 questionários eletrônicos. A análise das informações permitiu identificar que 451 casos notificados da doença foram descartados; 65 foram considerados inconclusivos; e 217 foram confirmados. Os profissionais envolvidos sinalizaram como causa dos surtos: baixas coberturas vacinais, bolsões de suscetíveis, falta de capacitação dos profissionais e inexperiência na contenção de bloqueios. As estratégias de vacinação realizadas priorizaram a imunização da população de risco, a reorientação e sistematização das ações de bloqueio e a varredura.

This research aimed to analyze the relationship between measles outbreaks and municipal vaccination coverage in the 11th Health Region of Sobral, northwest of Ceará, which occurred between 2013 and 2015. To that end, a mixed study by source of secondary data, extracted in the health region was elaborated. For quantitative analysis, a total of 766 reports of suspected measles cases were investigated. Also, post-epidemic field research was carried out with professionals involved in immunization, by applying 31 electronic questionnaires. The analyzes of the information allowed us to identify that 451 notified cases of the disease were discarded; 65 were considered inconclusive; and 217 were confirmed. The professionals involved pointed out the following as the cause of the outbreaks: low vaccination coverage, pockets of susceptible people, lack of training of professionals and inexperience in containing blockages. The vaccination strategies prioritized the immunization of the population at risk, the reorientation and systematization of blocking and scanning actions.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre los casos de sarampión y las coberturas municipales de vacunación en la 11.ª Región de Salud de Sobral, noreste de Ceará (Brasil), ocurridos en el periodo entre 2013 y 2015. Para ello, se utilizó un estudio mixto por fuente de datos secundarios, extraídos en la citada región. Para el análisis cuantitativo, se investigaron un total de 766 informes de casos sospechosos de sarampión. Se realizó investigación de campo postepidemia con los profesionales involucrados en inmunización, mediante la aplicación de 31 cuestionarios electrónicos. El análisis de la información permitió identificar que se descartaron 451 casos notificados de la enfermedad; 65 fueron no concluyentes y 217 confirmados. Los profesionales implicados señalaron las siguientes causas de los brotes: bajas coberturas de vacunación, bolsa de susceptibles, falta de formación profesional e inexperiencia en la contención de bloqueos. Las estrategias de vacunación priorizaron la inmunización de la población en riesgo, la reorientación y sistematización de las acciones de bloqueo y barrido.

Vigilancia de enfermedades febriles exantemáticas / Surveillance of febrile diseases

Actualización mundial sobre sarampión a marzo de 2022, y datos en la región de las Américas y en Argentina. Se presentan los datos de casos notificados en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, a la Semana Epidemiológica 12 de 2022, cobertura de vacunación, y acciones de vigilancia epidemiológica.

Measles resurgence in Brazil: analysis of the 2019 epidemic in the state of São Paulo / Ressurgimento do sarampo no Brasil: análise da epidemia de 2019 no estado de São Paulo

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the epidemiological profile of cases and the pattern of spatial diffusion of the largest measles epidemic in Brazil that occurred in the post-elimination period in the state of São Paulo. METHOD A cross-sectional study based on confirmed measles cases in 2019. Bivariate analysis was performed for socioeconomic, clinical, and epidemiological variables, according to prior vaccination and hospitalization, combined with an analysis of spatial diffusion of cases using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. RESULTS Of the 15,598 confirmed cases, 2,039 were hospitalized and 17 progressed to death. The epidemic peak occurred in epidemiological week 33, after confirmation of the first case, in the epidemiological week 6. Most cases were male (52.1%), aged between 18 and 29 years (38.7%), identified as whites (70%). Young adults (39.7%) and children under five years (32.8%) were the most affected age groups. A higher proportion of previous vaccination was observed in whites as compared to Blacks, browns, yellows and indigenous people (p < 0.001), as well as in the most educated group compared to the other categories (p < 0.001). The risk of hospitalization was higher in children than in the older age group (RI = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.66-2.88), as well as in the unvaccinated than in the vaccinated (RI = 1.59; 95%CI: 1.45-1.75). The pattern of diffusion by contiguity combined with diffusion by relocation followed the urban hierarchy of the main cities' regions of influence. CONCLUSION In addition to routine vaccination in children, the findings indicate the need for immunization campaigns for young adults. In addition, studies that seek to investigate the occurrence of clusters of vulnerable populations, prone to lower vaccination coverage, are essential to broaden the understanding of the dynamics of transmission and, thus, reorienting control strategies that ensure disease elimination.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos e o padrão de difusão espacial da maior epidemia de sarampo do Brasil ocorrida no período pós-eliminação, no estado de São Paulo. MÉTODO Estudo transversal, baseado em casos confirmados de sarampo em 2019. Foi conduzida análise bivariada das variáveis socioeconômicas, clínicas e epidemiológicas, segundo vacinação prévia e ocorrência de hospitalização, combinada a uma análise de difusão espacial dos casos por meio da metodologia de interpolação pela ponderação do inverso da distância. RESULTADOS Dos 15.598 casos confirmados, 2.039 foram hospitalizados e 17 evoluíram para o óbito. O pico epidêmico ocorreu na semana epidemiológica 33, após a confirmação do primeiro caso, na semana epidemiológica 6. A maioria dos casos era homem (52,1%), com idade entre 18 e 29 anos (38,7%), identificados como brancos (70%). Adultos jovens (39,7%) e menores de cinco anos (32,8%) foram as faixas etárias mais acometidas. Observou-se maior proporção de vacinação prévia em brancos, quando comparados a pretos, pardos, amarelos e indígenas (p < 0,001), assim como no grupo mais escolarizado, quando comparado às demais categorias (p < 0,001). O risco de hospitalização foi maior em crianças, quando comparado à faixa etária mais idosa (RI = 2,19; IC95% 1,66-2,88), assim como entre não vacinados, quando comparado a vacinados (RI = 1,59; IC95% 1,45-1,75). O padrão de difusão por contiguidade combinado à difusão por realocação seguiu a hierarquia urbana das regiões de influência das principais cidades. CONCLUSÃO Além da vacinação de rotina em crianças, os achados indicam a necessidade de campanhas de imunização de adultos jovens. Adicionalmente, estudos que busquem investigar a ocorrência de clusters de populações vulneráveis, propensas a menor cobertura de vacinação, são essenciais para ampliar a compreensão sobre a dinâmica de transmissão da doença e, assim, reorientar estratégias de controle que garantam a eliminação da doença.

Identifying predictive factors and clinical outcomes for high-risk pneumonia among hospitalized pediatric patients with measles in a national tertiary infectious disease hospital from January 2019 to December 2019: A cohort study

Background@#Measles surged worldwide in 2019, which recorded the highest number of cases in the last 23 years. In the Philippines, the peak of the outbreak occurred in January-February 2019.1-3 Pneumonia was the most common severe complication and cause of death of measles. Age, sex, area of residence, immunization history, nutrition status and presence of comorbidities may contribute to the development of high-risk pneumonia in measles patients, affecting clinical outcomes.@*Objective@#This study aimed to determine predictive factors for high-risk pneumonia among hospitalized pediatric patients with measles and clinical outcomes in San Lazaro Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019.@*Methods@#A cohort study was conducted through a review of medical records of pediatric patients with measles admitted at San Lazaro Hospital from January 2019 to December 2019. The following data were extracted: demographic data, immunization history, nutrition status, presence of comorbidities, development of high-risk pneumonia, and clinical outcomes were extracted. Logistic regression was done to determine the factors associated with development of high-risk pneumonia.@*Results@#A total of 530 medical records were reviewed, and 27.9% of these documented severe pneumonia. Most of the patients were less than 5 years of age (84.53%) and were residing in Metro Manila (85.47%). Majority (73.40%) had no vaccination for measles. Chi-square test showed that the variables of age (p=0.001), measles vaccination status (p=0.011), BMI-for-age (p=0.005), weight-for-age (p=0.027), and weight-for-height (p=0.004) were significantly different between those who developed high-risk pneumonia and those who did not. However, in the final multiple logistic regression analysis, only nutritional status was predictive of high-risk pneumonia. Patients with severe wasting were 1.85 times (p=0.010) and patients who were overweight were 4.24 times (p=0.003) more likely to develop high-risk pneumonia. There was also a significant difference in clinical outcomes between those without high-risk and with high-risk pneumonia (p=<0.001). All mortality cases had high-risk pneumonia, were less than 5 years of age, and were unvaccinated.@*Conclusion@#Age, measles vaccination status and nutrition status were the factors identified to be associated with high-risk pneumonia among pediatric patients with measles. Thus, it is important to encourage parents to vaccinate their children against measles and to promote proper nutrition.

Sarampión en Latinoamérica: un análisis de tendencia y red de colaboración científica en los últimos 20 años / Measles in Latin America: a trend analysis and scientific collaboration network in the last 20 years

Con el objetivo de analizar la contribución científica de las publicaciones sobre sarampión y representar gráficamente las redes de colaboración entre países durante los últimos 20 años, se realizó un estudio bibliométrico entre 1999 y 2018 de revistas indexadas en Scopus. Se analizaron datos de producción anual y se representó gráficamente un análisis de co-ocurrencia de producción y colaboración entre países utilizando VOSviewer. Se registraron 587 documentos entre los 1999 y 2018, con tendencia estacionaria; el promedio de publicaciones anual fue de 29 documentos (rango 13-44), siendo el 72,4 por ciento artículos originales. Los países Brasil (53,3 por ciento ) y México (17,5 por ciento ) tuvieron mayor productividad y colaboración, principalmente con Estados Unidos y Reino Unido. La investigación sobre sarampión en Latinoamérica presenta una tendencia estacionaria. Brasil y México fueron los países con más publicaciones y tienen mayores redes de colaboración científica con Estados Unidos y Reino Unido(AU)

With the objective of analyzing the scientific contribution of measles publications and graphing the collaboration networks between countries during the last 20 years. A bibliometric study was conducted between 1999 and 2018 of journals indexed in Scopus. Annual production data were analyzed and a co-occurrence analysis of production and collaboration between countries using VOSviewer was plotted. 587 documents were registered between 1999 and 2018, with a steady trend, the average of annual publications was 29 documents (range 1-44), being 72.4 percent were original articles. The countries of Brazil (53.3 percent) and Mexico (17.5 percent) had greater productivity and collaboration mainly with the United States and the United Kingdom. Measles research in Latin America presents a stationary trend. Brazil and Mexico were the countries with more publications and have greater networks of scientific collaboration with the United States and the United Kingdom(AU)

Diagnostic strategies for oral manifestations of infectious diseases / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Infectious diseases are caused by infection of organism with pathogenic agents, which may lead to epidemics. Many infectious diseases such as syphilis, diphtheria, measles, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome have specific and non-specific manifestations in the oral cavity. However, the same disease may have different oral manifestations in different patients clinically. We can apply the strategy of "three unusuals and one change" in clinical reasoning for diagnosis of infectious diseases with oral manifestations. The so-called "three unusuals" refer to unusual age, unusual location and unusual effect, and "one change" means the change from rare to common. In this article, we will give a comprehensive introduction about the oral manifestations of common communicable diseases and their diagnostic strategies.

Meningitis aséptica por virus parotídeo asociada a la vacuna

Resumen Comunicamos el caso de un lactante mayor previamente sano, que luego de tres semanas de recibir la vacuna SPR (sarampión, parotiditis, rubeola) presentó fiebre, aumento de volumen parotídeo y compromiso de conciencia. Se diagnosticó una meningitis aséptica, con pleocitosis en el LCR de predominio mononuclear, detectándose virus parotídeo en LCR por biología molecular. En el Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile se realizó serología (IgM e IgG) que resultó positiva. La muestra de saliva confirmó la etiología por virus parotídeo con genotipo N. La evolución fue favorable, sin secuelas al seguimiento a seis meses. Ante esta situación clínica, se revisó la información respecto a la asociación y causalidad de esta entidad clínica y vacuna SPR, focalizado en diferentes cepas del virus parotiditis.

Abstract We report the case of an older infant with no prior morbidity that approximately 3 weeks after receiving MMR vaccination (measles, mumps, rubella) was hospitalized for feverish symptoms, increased parotid volume and compromised consciousness. Aseptic meningitis was diagnosed, detecting pleocytosis in the CSF, predominantly mononuclear, and confirming by molecular biology, presence of parotid virus in CSF. A study was carried out by the Institute of Public Health of Chile, where serology (IgM and IgG) was positive. Saliva sample confirmed the etiology of parotid virus with genotype N. The evolution was favorable and at 6-month follow-up, there were no sequelae. Given this clinical situation, information regarding the association and causality of this clinical entity and the MMR vaccine, focused on different strains of the mumps virus, was reviewed.

SUVISA-GVE/Sarampo - Informe 28 / SUVISA-GVE/Measles - Report 28

O Sarampo é uma doença viral aguda, altamente transmissível, caracterizada por febre, exantema e sintomas respiratórios. É uma doença grave, principalmente em crianças menores de cinco anos, desnutridos e imunodeprimidos. A transmissão do sarampo é direta, pessoa a pessoa, através das secreções nasofaríngeas, expelidas ao tossir, espirrar, falar ou respirar. Em 1992 o Brasil elaborou o Plano Nacional de Eliminação do Sarampo como estratégia para eliminação da doença. No ano de 2000 foram confirmados os últimos surtos autóctones nos estados do Acre (AC) e Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Devido baixas coberturas vacinais, a partir de 2016 o Brasil passou a enfrentar surtos de sarampo em diversos Estados, com elevado número de casos da doença. Em 2018, a ocorrência do surto instalado predominantemente nos Estado do Amazonas e Roraima, registrando 10.351 casos de sarampo, 12 óbitos e a prevalência em um período superior a 12 meses, levou o Brasil a perder a certificação de eliminação do sarampo em fevereiro de 2019

Measles is an acute, highly transmissible viral disease characterized by fever, rash and respiratory symptoms. It is a serious disease, especially in children under five years of age, who are malnourished and immunocompromised. The transmission of measles is direct, person to person, through nasopharyngeal secretions, expelled when coughing, sneezing, talking or breathing. In 1992, Brazil developed the National Measles Elimination Plan as a strategy to eliminate the disease. In 2000, the last autochthonous outbreaks were confirmed in the states of Acre (AC) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). Due to low vaccination coverage, as of 2016, Brazil began to face measles outbreaks in several states, with a high number of cases of the disease. In 2018, the occurrence of the outbreak installed predominantly in the States of Amazonas and Roraima, registering 10,351 measles cases, 12 deaths and the prevalence in a period of more than 12 months, led Brazil to lose certification measles elimination february 2019

Measles outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico / Brote de sarampión durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en México

Abstract Measles is an exanthematous disease caused by a virus of the Morbillivirus genus. On February 23, 2020, the exanthema began in the first confirmed case of measles this year. At the same time, on February 28, 2020, the first case of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was confirmed. Up to June 6, 2020, 176 measles cases have been confirmed: 137 in Mexico City, 37 in the state of Mexico, and two in the state of Campeche. In Mexico City, municipalities with more cases were Gustavo A. Madero, Miguel Hidalgo, and Iztapalapa; in the State of Mexico were Ecatepec, Tlalnepantla, and Netzahualcoyotl; in Campeche, there are only two cases reported. On the other hand, 7,065,133 cases of COVID-19 have been registered worldwide with a global case fatality rate of 5.7%. In Mexico, there have been 113,619 confirmed cases and 13,511 deaths, while in Mexico City, there have been 30,223 cases and 3062 deaths. Iztapalapa and Gustavo A. Madero are the locations with more cases reported. Hence, a campaign of social distancing started as part of the strategies to control the spread of the infection. The potential threat is that as social confinement measures are relaxed and mobility is initiated, both viruses could continue to spread. It is expected that due to the time that has passed since the last reported measles case, control of this disease will be achieved.

Resumen El sarampión es una enfermedad exantemática causada por un virus del género Morbilivirus. El 23 de febrero de 2020 inició el exantema en el primer caso confirmado en este año; el 28 de febrero de 2020 se confirmó el primer caso de enfermedad por un nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19). Hasta el 6 de junio de 2020 se han confirmado 176 casos de sarampión: 137 en la Ciudad de México, 37 en el Estado de México y 2 en Campeche. En la Ciudad de México, las alcaldías con más casos son Gustavo A. Madero, Miguel Hidalgo e Iztapalapa; en el Estado de México, la mayoría de los casos se presentan en Ecatepec, Tlalnepantla y Netzahualcóyotl; en el estado de Campeche solo se han reportado dos casos. Hasta el 6 de junio de 2020 se habían registrado en todo el mundo 7,065,33 casos de COVID-19, con una letalidad global del 5.7%. En México se han presentado 113,619 casos confirmados y 13,511 muertes; de ellos, 30,223 casos y 3,062 muertes en la Ciudad de México, siendo las alcaldías de Iztapalapa y Gustavo A. Madero las que han tenido el mayor número de casos. Como parte de las estrategias para controlar la diseminación de la infección, se decidió iniciar la campaña de distanciamiento social. La amenaza latente es que, al disminuir las medidas de confinamiento social e iniciar la movilidad paulatina, podrían continuar diseminándose ambos virus. Se espera que debido al tiempo transcurrido desde el último caso de sarampión reportado se logre el control de esta enfermedad.

De curandis hominum morbis: una receta médica del siglo XVIII para el sarampión y las viruelas en el Nuevo Reino de Granada / De curandis hominum morbis: An 18th century medical prescription for measles and smallpox in the Nuevo Reino de Granada

En el Archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca "Octavio Arizmendi Posada" de la Universidad de La Sabana, se encuentra una colección de más de un centenar de recetas médicas de finales del siglo XVIII donadas por el presbítero Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María, epónimo institucional del archivo. Estos textos son un legado histórico médico y un fundamento para comprender la terapéutica colonial y tradicional de diversas enfermedades. En este artículo, se describen algunas recetas para el tratamiento de la viruela y el sarampión, como aporte a la historia de la medicina en Colombia.

A collection of more than one hundred medical recipes from the late 18th century was donated by Presbyter Cipriano Rodríguez Santa María, institutional eponym of the collection at the Historical Archive "Octavio Arizmendi Posada" of the library of the Universidad de La Sabana in Colombia. These texts represent an important historical and medical legacy and they constitute an important basis for understanding the colonial and traditional therapeutics related to various diseases. In this article, we describe one of these recipes for the treatment of smallpox and measles as a contribution to the history of medicine in Colombia.